Male infertility is a common issue affecting many couples trying to conceive. It accounts for approximately 30-40% of infertility cases. Understanding the causes and diagnosis of male infertility is essential for identifying the right treatment and improving the chances of conception.
What is Male Infertility?
Male infertility refers to the inability to conceive a child due to problems with sperm production, quality, or delivery. It may also be caused by hormonal imbalances or physical obstructions in the reproductive tract.
Causes of Male Infertility
- Low Sperm Production (Oligospermia)
Insufficient sperm production is a leading cause of male infertility. This condition can be triggered by genetic factors, hormonal imbalances, or medical conditions. - Poor Sperm Quality
Abnormal sperm shape (morphology) or impaired movement (motility) can make it difficult for sperm to fertilize an egg. - Hormonal Disorders
Conditions such as hypogonadism reduce testosterone levels, impacting sperm production and overall fertility. - Varicocele
Varicoceles are enlarged veins in the scrotum that can lead to reduced sperm production and quality. - Infections
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or conditions like epididymitis can damage sperm or block its passage. - Blockages in the Reproductive Tract
Obstructions in the vas deferens or epididymis prevent sperm from being ejaculated. - Lifestyle Factors
Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, drug use, obesity, and stress negatively affect fertility. - Environmental Toxins
Exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, and radiation can impair sperm production. - Genetic Disorders
Conditions like Klinefelter syndrome or chromosomal abnormalities affect sperm production and function. - Ejaculatory Issues
Retrograde ejaculation, where semen enters the bladder instead of exiting the body, can hinder conception.

Diagnosis of Male Infertility
Diagnosing male infertility involves a combination of medical history reviews, physical exams, and specialized tests.
- Medical History and Physical Examination
A detailed medical history helps identify lifestyle factors, medications, or underlying conditions affecting fertility.
A physical exam checks for varicoceles, testicular abnormalities, or other issues. - Semen Analysis
This is the primary test for assessing male fertility. It evaluates sperm count, motility, morphology, and overall semen quality. - Hormone Testing
Blood tests measure testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to identify hormonal imbalances. - Genetic Testing
Genetic screening can detect chromosomal abnormalities or mutations that affect sperm production. - Scrotal Ultrasound
An ultrasound checks for structural abnormalities like varicoceles or blockages in the reproductive tract. - Post-Ejaculation Urinalysis
This test identifies retrograde ejaculation by detecting sperm in the urine. - Testicular Biopsy
A biopsy helps determine if the testicles produce healthy sperm. - Specialized Sperm Function Tests
These tests assess sperm’s ability to penetrate and fertilize an egg.
When to See a Doctor
If a couple has been trying to conceive for over a year without success, it’s advisable to consult a fertility specialist. Men experiencing symptoms like testicular pain, swelling, or hormonal changes (e.g., decreased libido) should seek medical advice immediately.
Conclusion
Male infertility has numerous causes, but advancements in diagnostic techniques offer hope for treatment. Understanding the causes and undergoing proper diagnosis is the first step toward resolving fertility issues and achieving parenthood.